I’ll take what I’ve gathered in the first ten days and start rewriting each hub text document.
I’ll organize the information so it’s in a coherent order. I’ll edit for clarity. And arrange the information into ‘chapters’ (capsules) with appropriate titles.
I do all this in notepad. I layout all my content and arrange it as if it’s already in the hub. Rather than explain it in detail I’ll paste an example of it here…
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TAGS
rene descartes
rene deskartes
rene dakart
father of modern philosophy
modern philosophy
philosophy
philosopher
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SUMMARY
Rene Descartes is generally considered the ‘father of modern philosophy’. He was a French philosopher, born at La Have, Touraine, and educated at the Jesuit school of La Fleche.
The first book published by Descartes was Discourse on Method. This and subsequent works established his reputation throughout Europe.
In 1650 he went to the court of Sweden at the invitation of Queen Christina, but he was unused to the cold northern climate and soon caught a chill that resulted in his death within a few months of arriving. In 1666 his body was removed to Paris, and in 1819 transferred to St Germain-des-Pres.
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Rene Descartes, French philosopher, logician, scientist, and mathematician. Born La Haye (near Tours), in France on 31 March 1596, the son of a minor nobleman.
He was educated at a Jesuit college at La Fleche, where he proved to be a good student, excelling at languages, mathematics and astronomy, despite his growing dissatisfaction with the then current methods of scholasticism, which was based on a comparison of the views of recognized authorities. He then studied law at the University of Poitiers.
Descartes is often regarded as the father of modern philosophy. Even in his schooldays he found it impossible to accept scholastic tradition and theological dogma as knowledge, and his first step towards evolving a philosophic system was to discard all books. His system of thought, Cartesianism, was an attempt to establish knowledge on a foundation of absolute certainty. His theories of knowledge and of the relation between mind and matter influenced later philosophers such as Locke, Spinoza, and Leibniz.
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In 1617 Descartes began a military career, serving mainly in Holland and Bohemia in the army of Prince Maurice of Orange. While in the army, he began to forumlate the basis of his philosophy.
In 1619 he entered the service of Bavaria, and while in winter quarters at Neuberg on the Danube found time for the reflections which afterwards resulted in the Discours de la methode.
In 1621, left the army. After travelling on the Continent and living in Paris (1625) for a time, in seclusion, studying and writing. He moved to the Netherlands in 1629 and lived there until 1649.
Descartes used new methods of investigating nature which marked a sharp break with medieval thought. He tried to reduce all of nature to a system of mathematical principles. His invention of analytic geometry contributed greatly to the efforts of 17th-century scientists, who saw nature as a gigantic machine and formulated universal laws to explain its workings. Descartes however, developed a system of physics that was unheard of for its time, but was less revolutionary than that of his contemporary, Isaac Newton.
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The cardinal point in the philosophy of Descartes is the essential difference between spirit and matter, between thinking and extending substances, into one of which classes all things fall, and which can in no way exert any influence upon each other or partake of each other’s attributes.
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In 1637 he published the Discours de la Methode (Discourse on Method), in which he traces his mental development from his earliest years to the point at which he refused to believe anything unless it was supported by incontrovertible and absolute proof. Starting with doubt as the only sure test, he applied it to all that had, up to that point, passed as knowledge, and the only proposition which stood the test seemed the fact of his own existence. He expressed the relation between consciousness and existence in his now famous words: Cogito ergo sum (I think therefore I am).
From this he next concluded that ‘whatever is clearly and distinctly thought must be true’. From that he arrived at the idea of the existence of a Perfect Being, because from the intuition of our own imperfection we evolve the idea of perfection, and if the idea of perfection is certain, then perfection must exist.
Since imperfect Man could not have originated such a notion, the imperfect being incapable of conceiving the perfect. This is regarded as an ontological argument, and Descartes was responsible for its re-introduction into modern philosophy.
Another fundamental notion introduced by Descartes is the duality of spirit and nature, the two being mutually exclusive and capable of being united only through the intervention of God. This led to the doctrine of occasionalism, which asserted that body and mind do not influence one another, God being the cause of their apparent connection.
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Discours de la methode
Meditationes de Prima Philosophi
Principia Philosophiae
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The principles of the Discours de la methode are dealt with more fully in Meditationes de Prima Philosophia, 1641, and Principia Philosophiae, 1644. From philosophy he applied his principles to physics, and his celebrated theory of vortices, explaining the motions of the heavenly bodies, was only superseded by Newton’s theory of gravitation. It was in mathematics that Descartes achieved the most lasting results; he first recognised the real meaning of the negative roots of equations and founded analytical geometry, the application of algebra to geometry.
Descartes’ achievements in mathematics were also considerable. He demonstrated the usefulness of algebra in analytical geometry, recognized the meaning of the negative roots of equations and explained the law of sines. His theory of vortices in astronomy prevailed until the time of Sir Isaac Newton, and in his Meteores (1637), he explained for the first time the formation of the rainbow. Descartes’ contributions to philosophy, mathematics and astronomy were far reaching in their effects, and he is appropriately called ‘the father of modern philosophy’.
In 1649, he accepted the invitation of Queen Christina of Sweden to instruct her in philosophy, but the northern climate proved too severe, and he died in Stockholm Sweden, Feb. 11, in 1650. His body now lies in the church of St Germain-des-Pres in Paris.
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Related Links
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References
(For this I use the bullet list)
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To explain a few things…
I put those lines of dashes as visual separators in my text document.
Tags: You could rely on a keyword search tool, obvious search phrases and also throw in a few misspellings if they’re difficult words or names or of common typos.
Summary: Putting in a custom summary is better than relying on it being pulled from your first text capsule. You can have up to 500 characters.
It may take me a little more than 10 days to do the editing, it will depend on how long the word count is for each and how quick I am at editing. If it takes a day or two longer that will be fine, as Stage III is less taxing on the brain so I might not need the whole ten days for the sprint to the finish line.
Tomorrow (or the day after) I’ll conclude with Part 3 of this blog series.
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